Corruption Perceptions in a Political Economy Context: A Policy Analysis Based on the Corruption Perceptions Index of Denmark and Thailand

Abstract

This article examines corruption perceptions within a political economy context, aiming to explain differences in perceived corruption between Denmark and Thailand. Corruption perception is conceptualized as a structural phenomenon associated with the exercise of state power, public policy formulation, and the allocation of public resources, which are shaped by the quality of political institutions and public administration. The study employs secondary data analysis based on the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) published by Transparency International, combined with policy analysis of the political, economic, and social contexts of both countries.

            The findings indicate that Denmark consistently maintains a very low level of perceived corruption, reflecting strong rule of law, a stable parliamentary democracy, effective checks and balances, and social norms that discourage the pursuit of undue benefits. These institutional characteristics contribute to high public trust in state institutions and long-term economic stability. In contrast, Thailand continues to face structural constraints within its political economy, particularly regarding transparency in the exercise of discretionary power, bureaucratic effectiveness, and public confidence in oversight mechanisms. As a result, corruption is perceived as a systemic risk within the governance system. The study highlights that analyzing corruption perceptions through a political economy perspective and the CPI provides deeper insight into the structural dynamics of corruption and governance. Strengthening institutional quality, transparency in public administration, and social norms that reject corruption is therefore essential for improving governance and supporting sustainable anti-corruption policies.